Contents

   Preface							xi

1  Pascal Programming Structures			 	1

	Introduction						1
	Language History					2
	Problem Solving 					3
	Pascal Fundamentals					3
	   Functional Units of a Computer 			4
	   Indentifiers 					5
	   Variables and Constants 				7
	   Variable Declaration and Data Types			8
		interger					8
		Real						8
		Character					8
		Boolean						9
		Text						9
	   Var Declaration					9
	   Const Declaration					10
	   Important Notes					11
	   Input: Read(Readln) Statements			12
	   Output:Write(Writeln)statements			14
	   Arithmetic Expressions				15
	   Assignment Statement					16
	   Pascal Library Functions				17
	Program Structures					19
	   Block Structure					20
	   Selection Structures					21
		Relational Expressions				21
	   	Boolean Expressions				22
		Two-way Selection Structures			23
		Multiway Selection Structures			23
		Internal Documentation; Comments		29
	   Iteration Structures					30
		Counter-controlled Iteration Structure: The
		  For Statement					30
		Condition-controlled iteration Structure:
		  The While Statement				32
	   Conditioned-controlled Iteration Structure: The
	      Repeat Statement					34
	   Nested Iterations					36
	Function and Procedure Subprograms			38
	   Function Subprogram					38
	   Procedure Subprogram					41
	   Subprogram Linkage					43
		Actual and Formal Arguments or
		  Parameters					44
	   Recursive Subprograms				45

2 Pascal Data Structures					51

   Introduction							51
   Type Declarations						52
	User-defined Scalar Enumerated Data Type		52
	Succ, Pred, and Ord Functions				54
	Impoenmentation of Enumerated Data Type			55
	User-defined Scalar Subrange Data Type			55
   Structured Data Types:Arrays					57
	Array Declaration:One-dimensional Arrays		57
	Array Declaration:Multidimensional Arrays		58
   Structured Data Types; Records				64
	Record Structure					65
	Variable-length Records					67
	Array of Records					68
	With Statement						69
   Structured Data Types: Files					73
	File Processing						75
	   reset(F)						75
	   rewrite(F)						75
	   get(F)						75
	   put(F)						75
	   eof(F)						75
	   read(F,Vrl)						77
	   write(F,Vrl)						77
	Text Files						81
	   eoln(F)						81
	   readln(F)						81
	   writeln(F)						82
	File of Records						82
   Structured Data Types:Sets 					85
	Set Operations						86
	Set Expressions						86
   Pointer Type							89
   GOTO and Labels						105

3  Some Nonstandard Features of Pascal				106

   Introduction							106
   append							106
   blockread/blockwrite						107
   bufferread/bufferwrite					107
   case with else or otherwise					108
   clock							108
   date								108
   close							109
   concat							109
   copy								109
   delete							110
   exit								110
   extern or external 						110
   fillchar							111
   gotoxy							111
   halt								111
   insert							112
   length							112
   pos								112
   scan								113
   setpointer							114
   sizeof							114
   string							114
   time								115
   treesearch							115

Appendix A							116

Standard pascal Functions					116
Standard Pascal Procedures					117
Pascal Reserved Words						118
Standard Identifiers						118
ASCII and EBCDIC Codes						118

Index								123