BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES AND PRIMARY SOURCES
Compiled by Omar H. Ali (May 2005)
Interviews
Walter H. Pattillo, Jr., Retired Professor of Biology at North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (July 14, 2001); Great-grandson of the Rev. Walter A. Pattillo, North Carolina Colored Alliance State Lecturer and delegate to the conventions leading to the national People’s Party. (By Omar H. Ali)
George Macon Shuffer, Jr., Brigadier General, U.S. Army, Retired, El Paso, Texas (July 16, 2003); Grandson of Jacob John Shuffer, President and founding member of the Colored Alliance in Texas. (By Omar H. Ali)
Barbara Jeanne Williams, Ph.D. candidate in African history, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (August 15, 2001); Great-great granddaughter of Oliver Cromwell, leader of Leflore County Colored Alliance boycott in Mississippi. (By Omar H. Ali)
Manuscript Collections
Marion Butler Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Elias Carr Papers, East Carolina University Manuscript Collection, North Carolina.
Leonidas L. Polk Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University
of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Pattillo Family Papers, Private Collection of Dr. Walter H. Pattillo, Durham, North
Carolina.
Terrence V. Powderly Papers, Catholic University of America Library, Washington, D.C.
John B. Rayner Papers, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York,
NY and Barker Texas History Center, University of Texas, Austin.
Thomas Settle Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Harold G. Sugg Papers, East Carolina University Manuscript Collection, North
Carolina.
Thomas E. Watson Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Government Records and Documents
Bureau of the Census. United States Census of the Population, 11th Census, Washington,
D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880.
Bureau of the Census. Granville County, Census of the Population, Washington, D.C.:
Government Printing Office, 1850, 1870.
Bureau of the Census. Negro Population 1790-1915. Washington, D.C., Government
Printing Office, 1918.
Bureau of the Census. Report on the Productions of Agriculture. Department of the
Interior, 11th Census. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1895.
Congressional Record. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1890-1896.
Contested Election Cases, Martin v. Lockhart. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing
Office, 1895.
Contested Election Cases, Thomas E. Watson v. J. C. C. Black. Washington, D.C.:
Government Printing Office, 1896.
Mississippi in 1875: Report of the U.S. Congressional Committee to Inquire into the
Mississippi Election of 1876 with Testimony and Evidence, Washington, D.C.:
Government Printing Office, 1876.
Prices of Farm Products Received by Producers. Statistical Bulletin 16, Department of
Agriculture, Annual Report for South and Atlantic and Middle South States,
Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927.
Miscellaneous
Constitution of the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance and Co-operative Union of the
United States. Houston: J.J. Pastoriza (circa 1889).
Preamble and Declaration of Principles of the Co-Operative Workers of America. North
Carolina State Archives, Catawba County records, Series C.R. 021, Box 928.3,
Folder: Secret Political Organization, 1887.
Proceedings of the Annual Session of the Supreme Council of the National Farmers
Alliance and Industrial Union at Ocala, Florida, December 2-8, 1890,
Washington, D.C.: The National Economist Publishing Company, 1891.
States. Houston: Culmore Bros. (circa 1889).
Secretary-Treasurer’s Records. North Carolina State Archives, Minutes of the Farmers’
State Alliance of North Carolina, 31, 1887-1893.
Sermons, Addresses and Reminiscences and Important Correspondence, With a Picture
Gallery of Eminent Ministers and Scholars. Nashville, TN: National Baptist
Publishing Board, 1901.
Newspapers and Periodicals
Arkansas Democrat (Arkansas)
Atlanta Constitution (Georgia)
Atlanta People’s Party Paper (Georgia)
Boston Journal (Massachusetts)
Birmingham Age-Herald (Alabama)
Caucasian (North Carolina)
Charleston News and Courier (South Carolina)
Cleveland Gazette (Ohio)
Columbia Daily Register (South Carolina)
Columbus Daily Enquirer Sun (Georgia)
Dallas Southern Mercury (Texas)
Florida Dispatch (Florida)
Greenville News (South Carolina)
Greenville Enterprise (South Carolina)
Houston Chronicle (Texas)
Huntsville Gazette (Alabama)
Indianapolis Freeman (Indiana)
Jackson New Mississippian (Mississippi)
Journal of United Labor (D.C.)
Kansas City American Citizen (Missouri)
Milwaukee Wisconsin Afro-American (Wisconsin)
Mobile Daily Register (Alabama)
Moulton Advertiser (Alabama)
Natchez Daily Democrat (Mississippi)
National Economist (D.C.)
New Orleans Times-Democrat (Louisiana)
New Orleans Weekly Pelican (Louisiana)
New York Age (New York)
New York Amsterdam News (New York)
New York Freeman (New York)
New York Times (New York)
Omaha Daily Bee (Nebraska)
Omaha Enterprise (Nebraska)
Oxford Public Ledger (North Carolina)
Oxford Torchlight (North Carolina)
Parsons Weekly Blade (Kansas)
People’s Advocate (D.C.)
Raleigh News and Observer (North Carolina)
Raleigh The Progressive Farmer (North Carolina)
Richmond Dispatch (Virginia)
Richmond Planet (Virginia)
Savannah Tribune (Georgia)
St. Louis Globe-Democrat (Missouri)
St. Louis Post Dispatch (Missouri)
Topeka Call (Kansas)
Topeka Times-Observer (Kansas)
Trinity Archives (North Carolina)
Virginia Sun (Virginia)
Washington Bee (D.C.)
Weekly Toiler (Tennessee)
Anderson, Eric. Race and Politics in North Carolina, 1872-1901: The Black Second.
Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981.
Aptheker, Herbert. A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States,
Vol. 2. Citadel Press, 1992.
Argersinger, Peter H. The Limits of Agrarian Radicalism. Lawrence: University Press of
Kansas, 1995.
Ayers, Edward L. The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Barr, Alwyn. Reconstruction to Reform: Texas Politics, 1876-1906. Austin:
University of Texas Press, 1971.
Berlin, Ira. Slaves without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South. New York:
Pantheon Books, 1974.
Bizzel, William B. The Green Rising; an Historical Survey of Agrarianism, With Special
Reference to the Organized Efforts of the Farmers of the United States to Improve
Their Economic and Social Status. New York: Macmillan Company, 1926.
Bonner, James C., and Lucien E. Roberts, eds., Studies in Georgia History and
Government. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1940.
Bositis, David A., Diverging Generations: The Transformation of African American
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McGraw-Hill, 1999 (10th edition).
Brown, Pamela S. and Fassil Yirgu, eds., One House: The Battle of Adwa. Chicago,
IL: Nyala Publishing, 1996.
Bryan, William J. The First Battle: A Story of the Campaign of 1896. Chicago: W. B.
Conkey, 1897.
Buck, Solon J. The Agrarian Crusade: A Chronicle of the Farmer in Politics. New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1921.
Cantrell, Gregg. Kenneth and John B. Rayner and the Limits of Southern Dissent.
Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993; Feeding the Wolf: John B. Rayner and the Politics of Race, 1850-1918. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 2001; “John B. Rayner: No Outlet on the Road of Hope,” in The Human Tradition in Texas, eds., Ty Cashion and Jesús F. de la Teja. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, 2001.
Cohen, William. At Freedom’s Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest
for Racial Control, 1861-1915. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University
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Tannen, 1967 (first published in 1947).
Degler, Carl N. The Other South: Southern Dissenters in the Nineteenth Century.
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Concept. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson, 1975 (first published in
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North Carolina, 1886-1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
1996.
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Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1949.
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the Agrarian Revolt in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Green, James R. Grass‑Roots Socialism: Radical Movements in the Southwest,
1895‑1943. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978.
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Hyman, Michael R. The Anti-Redeemers: Hill-Country Political Dissenters in the
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